With increasing legalization in many states, marijuana has become a widely discussed topic. Derived from the cannabis plant, marijuana contains a dense substance rich in compounds known as cannabinoids. The cannabis plant produces over 100 cannabinoids, including CBD and THC, which are the primary compounds responsible for drug-like effects in the body.
What is THC?
THC, or delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, is the primary psychoactive compound found in the cannabis plant. It is responsible for the euphoric sensation, or “high,” experienced when smoking marijuana or consuming edibles.
In the United States, marijuana and other THC-containing products are classified as Schedule 1 controlled substances by the DEA. This classification indicates a high potential for abuse and currently no accepted medical use, despite varying legal statuses in certain cities and states, including for medical purposes.
THC is available in three main forms: herbal or flower, hash or hashish, and hash oil. Herbal cannabis, made from dried leaves and flowers (or buds), is the most commonly used form, either smoked or added to foods and beverages.
Hash is a solid or paste-like substance created by compressing or purifying the resin extracted from cannabis buds. Hash oil, the most potent form, is produced by extracting resin into its purest liquid form.
What is CBD?
CBD, short for cannabidiol, is derived from the cannabis plant. Unlike THC, CBD is not psychoactive, meaning it does not induce a “high.” It is more readily available in the United States compared to THC, although each state has its own laws and regulations governing its sale.
CBD is available in various forms such as oils, extracts, patches, vapes, and topical lotions, and it is believed to offer diverse health benefits.
Notably, CBD is the active ingredient in Epidiolex, the first FDA-approved medication derived from a marijuana component used to treat epilepsy.
Where Do CBD and THC Come From?
CBD and THC are derived from the same plant species, Cannabis sativa, but they exhibit significant differences. CBD is typically sourced from the hemp plant, which is a type of cannabis plant known for containing very low levels of THC, usually less than 0.3%. Cannabis plants containing more than 0.3% THC are classified as marijuana.
Both CBD and THC originate from the resin found on the leaves and buds of female cannabis plants. CBD can also be extracted from the flowering heads of hemp plants.
In contrast, synthetic cannabinoids, also known as synthetic marijuana, Spice, or K2, are artificially produced chemicals designed to mimic the psychoactive effects of THC. These synthetic compounds have different effects from THC and can lead to serious adverse reactions.
CBD vs. THC Chemical Structure
CBD and THC share the same molecular formula 21 carbon atoms, 30 hydrogen atoms, and two oxygen atoms. However, they differ in the arrangement of these atoms, which gives them distinct chemical properties and unique effects on the body. Both compounds influence the communication between brain cells.
How CBD and THC Affect the Body
THC and CBD make you feel different when you use them. Here’s how.
CBD effects
Scientists have identified several molecular targets in the body that CBD can affect, but its precise mechanism remains unclear. Researchers speculate that CBD may slow down brain signals, reduce brain inflammation, and alter calcium levels in brain cells, which are involved in cell communication.
One significant concern with CBD products is their potential contents. Since most are not regulated by the FDA, their purity cannot be guaranteed. A study on CBD products revealed that over 25% contained less CBD than advertised, and some also contained THC.
This raises the risk of a false positive on drug tests. The FDA has issued warnings to companies marketing these products and advises caution before use.
THC effects
THC found in marijuana stimulates areas of the brain associated with pleasure and triggers the release of dopamine, the body’s “feel good” hormone, resulting in a relaxed and euphoric sensation.
The potency of marijuana varies depending on its THC content. Higher THC levels correspond to increased potency and more pronounced effects on the body and brain.
Modern marijuana plants are notably stronger, with average THC levels now around 15%, up from approximately 4% in the mid-1990s.
These higher levels could have some mental health effects on users, including:
- Hallucinations
- Delusions
- Psychosis
CBD vs. THC Benefits
CBD and THC are used by people hoping to alleviate a wide range of physical and mental health symptoms. While further studies are necessary to fully comprehend their effects, initial research indicates that CBD may potentially aid in treating conditions such as:
- Anxiety
- Inflammation
- Nerve-related pain
When it comes to THC, researchers are looking into whether it could be a treatment for:
- Muscle stiffness and spasms from MS or ALS
- Chronic pain or nerve pain
- Epilepsy or seizures
- Parkinson’s disease tremors
- Nausea
- Glaucoma
- Appetite stimulation for people with HIV/AIDS
- Agitation in Alzheimer’s disease
- Crohn’s disease
- Symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Research on marijuana in the U.S. faces significant challenges due to stringent regulations. Classified as a Schedule I drug, scientists are required to adhere to DEA regulations or
- Top of Form
- Bottom of Form
CBD vs. THC for anxiety
Some studies suggest that CBD may potentially reduce anxiety-like behavior in animals. However, further research is essential to determine if this effect translates to humans.
A small-scale study indicated that participants using CBD experienced improvements in sleep and anxiety levels, but larger studies are necessary to validate these findings.
In a study involving veterans with PTSD, comparing medical marijuana, CBD, and a placebo, all groups showed significant symptom improvements. However, the benefits observed with THC or CBD were not superior to those seen with the placebo.
Another study indicated that lower doses of THC may alleviate anxiety in certain individuals, while higher doses could heighten anxiety in others.
CBD vs. THC Side Effects
Smoking or consuming THC can cause:
- Problems with concentration, judgment, and memory
- Dizziness
- Breathing problems
- Fast heart rate
- Nausea and vomiting
- Drowsiness
- Loss of balance
Side effects from CBD can include:
- Nausea
- Diarrhea
- Upset stomach
- Tiredness
- Lightheadedness
- Crankiness
- Low blood pressure
CBD can also change the way some medicines work. Be sure to talk to your doctor if you take CBD or THC.
